Teaching Methods: Inductive, Deductive, Projects Download PD

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Teaching methods are the process, technique, or way of teaching, especially according to a defined plan. Teaching methods can be inductive, deductive, project and many others. These methods help in teaching how to communicate with students. Let’s learn all the methods of teaching methods so that teaching can be more productive.

teaching methods

Inductive Method (by Francis Bacon)

Inductive Method: In the inductive method of teaching, students are led from specific examples to a general conclusion. Concrete examples are given and with their help students are helped to arrive at certain conclusions and principles. In this method, the child is induced to discover the truth himself. Inductive method is a very suitable method for teaching science, mathematics and grammar.

proverbs step Property demerit
  1. from special to common
  2. from concrete to removal
  3. From examples to rules
  4. from unknown to unknown
  1. examples of activities
  2. Overview
  3. generalization
  4. Testing and Verification or Application
  1. This method helps in developing scientific attitude in students.
  2. Knowledge itself is acquired and it soon turns into wisdom.
  3. Inductive method is a scientific method and helps in developing scientific thinking.
  4. This method is both logical and psychological. Learning by doing is the basis of this method.
  5. This develops the habit of critical thinking and keen observation.
  1. Inductive method is not good in case of long conclusions. Furthermore, it is said that students may not be able to work on complete generalization.
  2. The method is very fancy and lengthy.
  3. It is not possible to apply this method to solve and understand all the topics of science.
  4. This is a long and time consuming method.
  5. If the findings are verified through the deductive method then the method can be considered complete and perfect.

Deductive method (by Aristotle)

Deductive Method: The deductive method is the opposite of the inductive method. In this method students are provided with rules, generalizations and principles to discover and then they are asked to verify them with the help of special examples: by giving a rule and asking students to verify it by several concrete applications. With this the teacher’s work becomes very simple. Example.

proverbs step
  1. from common to special
  2. from abstract to concrete
  3. From rules to examples.
  1. rules on definition
  2. usage example
  3. conclusion
  4. Testing and validation or applications.
Property demerits
  1. This method is very suitable for gifted children.
  2. Students receive prepared material.
  3. The teacher’s work has become easier. He gives general principles and students verify them.
  4. It is a time-saving method because students do not have to go through analysis or explanation to find out universal truths.
  5. It is a quick process and the course can be completed easily.
  1. This method is relatively unnatural and nonpsychological because children do not figure out the facts or principles on their own.
  2. Law does not provide training in scientific method.
  3. This method does not help in developing scientific approach.
  4. This method fails to develop self-confidence and initiative in the students.
  5. This method encourages remembering facts that are soon forgotten.

Project Method (by WH Kilpatrick)

This method was propounded by Kilpatrick in 1918 but it was based on the ideas of his professor John Dewey. Behaviorists find this very appropriate. It is an experience-centric learning method and develops social tendencies. Kilpatrick’s main focus was socializing a child. It is useful for achieving cognitive and affective objectives. It is related to life situations. Kilpatrick, William, “A project is a wholeheartedly purposeful activity pursued in a social environment.”

“A project is a problematic task carried out in its natural setting” – Professor Stevenson.

A project has the following characteristics:

  1. A project is a purposeful activity.
  2. A project is a real-life activity.
  3. A project is an activity in a natural setting.
  4. A project is a problem-centered activity.
  5. A project is an activity in a social environment.

Different stages in a project

The most important steps involved in a project:

  1. provide a situation
  2. Project Selection
  3. project planning
  4. project implementation
  5. Project evaluation and
  6. project recording

Merits of project method

  1. Depending on the level of learning: This is according to the following psychological laws of learning (given by EL Thorndike)

(a) Law of readiness: According to this law, we learn most when our mind is ready to receive. Project method prepares the minds of students by providing them with suitable situations.

(b) Law of Effect: This law states that if learning is effective and fruitful, it should also be accompanied by satisfaction and happiness. Students get immense pleasure when they manipulate their activities.

(c) Law of Exercise: This law says that to learn one must practice. The project method provides many opportunities for students to learn by doing.

  1. Related to life.
  2. Correlation with other subjects.
  3. Training for democratic lifestyle.
  4. training in citizenship,

Demerits and Limitations:

  1. Learning is achieved by providing thorough notes.
  2. Neglect of intellectual functions.
  3. time table trouble
  4. Neglect of drill work.
  5. Lack of competent teachers.

Problem Solving Method (by Socratic and St. Thomas)

Problem-solving behavior occurs in novel or difficult situations in which solutions cannot be obtained by habitual methods of applying concepts and principles derived from previous experience in very familiar situations.

Steps of Problem-Solving Method:

  1. Problem – Awareness or selection of the problem.
  2. Problem – understanding or presentation of the problem
  3. Collection of relevant information
  4. Formulating hypotheses or guesses for possible solutions
  5. Collection and validation of data or selection of appropriate solutions
  6. drawing conclusions and implementing solutions

Heuristic Method (by IIE Armstrong)

Meaning and Importance: The word ‘heuristic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘heuristic’ which means ‘I search’ or ‘I find’. ‘So the heuristic method is the method in which children make discoveries. And discover things for themselves and are put in the position of discoverers or inventors. This method was first used in science teaching by Professor Henry Edwards Armstrong of Imperial College London. This method involves the strategy of ‘trial and error’ and ‘invention technique’.

Property demerits
  1. It develops scientific and critical attitude in the student.
  2. This awakens the sense of curiosity in the students.
  3. This develops the habit of working hard in students.
  4. It promotes self-activity in students.
  5. Students learn the art of planning their own events.
  1. The student is immature and we cannot always keep him in the position of discoverers or inventors.
  2. This is a very slow method and it is possible to finish the course on time.
  3. This method is not suitable for primary classes.
  4. Wrong generalizations can be made and thus a lot of time and energy can be wasted.
  5. There is a severe shortage of textbooks written on the same lines as are required in the heuristic method.

Download Teaching Method Study Notes PDF

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Hello friends, I am Ashok Nayak, the Author & Founder of this website blog, I have completed my post-graduation (M.sc mathematics) in 2022 from Madhya Pradesh. I enjoy learning and teaching things related to new education and technology. I request you to keep supporting us like this and we will keep providing new information for you. #We Support DIGITAL INDIA.

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